IELTS IELTS : International English Language Test - General/Academic - Reading/Writing Q&As - Speaking/Listening Scenarios - No Audios Exam Dumps

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Exam Number : IELTS
Exam Name : International English Language Test - General/Academic - Reading/Writing Q&As - Speaking/Listening Scenarios - No Audios
Vendor Name : IELTS
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IELTS Exam Format | IELTS Course Contents | IELTS Course Outline | IELTS Exam Syllabus | IELTS Exam Objectives


Test Detail:
The IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is a widely recognized English language proficiency test. It assesses the language skills of individuals who plan to study, work, or migrate to countries where English is the primary language. Here is a detailed overview of the IELTS test, including the number of questions and time, course outline, exam objectives, and exam syllabus.

Number of Questions and Time:
The IELTS test consists of four sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. The total number of questions and time allocated for each section are as follows:

1. Listening:
- Number of Sections: 4
- Number of Questions: 40
- Time Limit: Approximately 30 minutes (including 10 minutes transfer time)

2. Reading:
- Number of Sections: 3
- Number of Questions: 40
- Time Limit: 60 minutes

3. Writing:
- Number of Tasks: 2
- Time Limit: 60 minutes
- Task 1: Descriptive writing task (e.g., describing a graph, chart, or diagram)
- Task 2: Essay writing task (e.g., expressing an opinion, discussing an issue)

4. Speaking:
- Format: Face-to-face interview with an examiner
- Time Limit: 11-14 minutes

Please note that the exact number of questions and time may vary slightly, so it's recommended to refer to the official IELTS website or test center for the most accurate and up-to-date information.

Course Outline:
IELTS is a proficiency test rather than a course, and it does not have a specific course outline. However, candidates can prepare for the test by focusing on the following key areas:

1. Listening Skills:
- Listening for main ideas, supporting details, and specific information.
- Understanding conversations, lectures, and monologues in various contexts.

2. Reading Skills:
- Skimming and scanning for general understanding.
- Identifying main ideas, specific details, and implied information.
- Comprehending different text types, such as articles, reports, and academic passages.

3. Writing Skills:
- Task 1: Summarizing and describing visual information.
- Task 2: Expressing opinions, providing arguments, and discussing a given topic.

4. Speaking Skills:
- Fluency and coherence in speaking.
- Vocabulary usage and grammatical accuracy.
- Ability to express ideas and respond to questions effectively.

Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the IELTS test include assessing the candidate's ability to:

1. Understand spoken English and follow various audio recordings.
2. Read and comprehend different types of written texts.
3. Write in a clear and organized manner, demonstrating appropriate language skills.
4. Speak fluently and express ideas coherently in English.

Exam Syllabus:
The IELTS test covers a wide range of topics and language skills. The syllabus includes:

1. Listening Section:
- Conversations and monologues on everyday social and academic topics.

2. Reading Section:
- Texts on various subjects, including newspapers, magazines, books, and academic articles.

3. Writing Section:
- Task 1: Describing visual information (e.g., graphs, charts, diagrams).
- Task 2: Writing an essay on a given topic or expressing an opinion.

4. Speaking Section:
- Part 1: Introduction and general questions.
- Part 2: Speaking on a specific topic.
- Part 3: Discussion and elaboration on the topic.

The specific test content and topics may vary from test to test, but the overall focus remains on assessing the candidate's English language proficiency.



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IELTS Speaking/Listening Free Exam PDF

 

21 Best Free IQ Test

Do you have a normal IQ, or do you rank amongst those with the highest IQ in the world? Thanks to the best free IQ test, you don’t have to sign up for an official test to find out.

Click here => to find out your IQ now!

However, when it comes to online IQ tests, the offerings run the gamut from paywalled results to phishing sites. For many people, finding reputable, accurate tests can be more challenging than taking the exam. 

If you’re wondering where you rank, we’ve compiled a list of the 21 best free IQ test options you can complete from the comfort of your couch. 

21 Best Free IQ Test Sites
  • QuickIQTest.org: Best Free IQ Test for Comprehensive Results
  • Mensa Workout: Best for Mensa Hopefuls
  • Memorado App: Best for a Tailored Testing Experience
  • Genius Tests: Best for Quick Results
  • Free-IQTest.net: Best for Sharing Your Score
  • MyIQTested: Best for Learning Strengths and Weaknesses
  • Brain Metrix: Best for Quick Starting
  • PsychTest: Best for Optional Premium Results
  • 123Test’s Culture Fair Edition: Best for Non-English Speakers
  • IQHaven: Best for Collecting Trophies
  • IQ Test Prep: Best for Further Research
  • All IQ Tests: Best for Variety
  • IQ Exam: Best for Certification
  • Simple IQ Test: Best for True/False Only Questions
  • The IQ Test App: Best for Brain Training
  • Cryptex Challenge App: Best for Gamifying IQ Tests
  • Mensa IQ Check App: Best for Testing on the Go
  • Wechslertest.com: Best for Accurate Results
  • TiptopGlobe.com: Best for Comparing Scores
  • Psychology Today: Best for Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence 
  • MentalUp: Best for Kids
  • Which IQ test is most accurate?

    The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, or WAIS, is the most accurate IQ test. 

    What IQ is genius?

    Any IQ score over 160 is considered a genius. 

    Who has the highest IQ ever?

    Ainan Celeste Cawley has the highest IQ score ever recorded, at 263. 

    What is Albert Einstein’s IQ?

    Albert Einstein’s IQ is estimated to be around 160. 

    Our List of the Best Free IQ Tests 1. QuickIQTest.org: Best Free IQ Test for Comprehensive Results

    Once you’ve completed the quick, 22-question Quick IQ Test, you’ll be treated to a bounty of insights into your fluid intelligence. 

    The personalized report breaks down how your IQ score is calculated before providing an overall Quick IQ Score and subskill scores for visuospatial insight, visuospatial pattern reasoning, and numerical pattern reasoning. 

    You’ll also receive a performance level to help you better gauge how you stack up against other testers from around the world.

    2. World Wide IQ Test: Unleash Your Potential

    Curious about your intelligence? Take the World Wide IQ Test for an engaging exam of your cognitive abilities. With challenging questions and a user-friendly interface, this online platform provides a glimpse into your intellectual potential. Get your detailed report and embark on a journey of self-discovery today!

    3. Memorado App: Best for a Tailored Testing Experience

    If you’re looking for a personalized IQ testing experience, look no further than the Memorado app. 

    They boast a library of more than 20 brain training games, daily performance tests to track your progress, and an adaptable interface tailored to your skill level. 

    4. Genius Tests: Best for Quick Results

    Genius Tests offers two separate quizzes. The Full Quiz asks users to answer 50 questions in 12 minutes, while the Quick Quiz challenges them to answer 25 questions in 6 minutes. It also lets you see your score instantly, with no email required. 

    5. Free-IQTest.net: Best for Sharing Your Score

    The Free IQ Test consists of 20 questions in a timed environment. There is a mix of math, language, and spatial reasoning questions you can solve without prior knowledge.

    Once you complete the test, the site offers an HTML code for displaying your score on a website and a Twitter share button for tweeting it to your followers. 

    6. MyIQTested: Best for Learning Strengths and Weaknesses

    By far, the best feature of MyIQTested is the score breakdown.

    You’ll gain insights into ten different areas, some of which include visual design, creativity, logic, and comprehension, and see how you stack up against others in your age range. 

    7. Brain Metrix: Best for Quick Starting

    While many of the best free IQ tests require users to share their birthdays, email addresses, and additional information to see their results, Brain Metrix lets you jump in immediately without any hassle. 

    8. PsychTest: Best for Emotional Intelligence Testing

    The Emotional Intelligence test is an alternative to the traditional IQ test, as it gives insight into how adept you are at handling your emotions and the emotions of others. 

    It’s worth spending some time honing your EIQ via PsychTest, as it is increasingly evaluated in the workplace when considering people for hire, promotion, and leadership positions. 

    9. 123Test’s Culture Fair Edition: Best for Non-English Speakers

    Most IQ tests skew to favor native English speakers. Not so with 123Test’s Culture Fair Intelligence test. 

    The free edition consists of eight questions and is non-verbal, ideal for those who want to assess their intelligence without relying on their English skills. 

    10. IQHaven: Best for Collecting Trophies

    Not only does IQ Haven offer a range of different testing types and formats, but it also allows users to collect trophies and awards to show off on the ranking boards. 

    11. IQ Test Prep: Best for Further Research

    In addition to their free IQ test, IQ Test Prep is jam-packed with information on other types of exams. 

    You can read about classic options, such as the WAIS and Mensa tests, and lesser-known exams like Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities. 

    Related: What is Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?

    12. All IQ Tests: Best for Variety

    The All IQ Tests site hosts 57 tests for visitors, categorized according to the testing material. 

    You can delve into their collection of general intelligence tests, challenge yourself with a timed exam, or try to beat the geniuses with high-ceiling IQ tests. 

    13. IQ Test Labs: Best for Testing Novel and Prior Knowledge

    IQ Test Labs have one of the cleanest, easiest-to-use interfaces available. 

    It also offers a series of exams covering nine abilities, including novel and prior knowledge. 

    14. IQ Exam: Best for Certification

    Designed by the McGill University Research Student Team, IQ Exam is a 30-question test focusing on visual and spatial reasoning skills. It’s appropriate for children and adults alike but has a one-minute timer per question to increase the difficulty. 

    The test provides a printable certificate with your name and score when you finish the exam. 

    15. The IQ Test App: Best for Brain Training

    With over 1,000 training exercises and personalized training based on your results, the IQ Test app is ideal for those who want to see their score improve over time. 

    16. Cryptex Challenge App: Best for Gamification

    Turn a simple IQ test into a fun, engaging experience with the Cryptex Challenge. 

    The app offers increasingly difficult stage levels that challenge you to crack codes and push your logical thinking skills to the limit. 

    17. Mensa IQ Check App: Best for Testing on the Go

    The Mensa IQ Check app is loaded with hundreds of questions straight from the makers of the official Mensa test. They offer both a 15-question quick quiz and a 60-question complete quiz. 

    18. Open Psychometrics: Best for Accurate Results From Home

    Open Psychometric’s Full Scale IQ Test uses three domains– Short-term memory, reasoning, and verbal– as an adaptive model for online testing. 

    19. TiptopGlobe.com: Best for Comparing Scores

    Have you ever wondered whether you’re smarter than Michelangelo or Charles Darwin? At TipTopGlobe, you can see how you stack up against many of the most famous minds in history. 

    20. Psychology Today: Best for Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence 

    For those who want to evaluate how well they grasp spoken and written language, Psychology Today’s Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence Test offers a 35-minute exam that does just that. The free version provides a snapshot report, complete with a summary evaluation. 

    21. MentalUp: Best for Families

    MentalUp provides a 50-question quiz appropriate for all ages and a library of brain training exercises catered to growing each family member’s specific talents and weaknesses. 

    Related: Top 21 IQ Test for Kids

    Final Thoughts

    Keep in mind that even the best free IQ test can’t evaluate every factor that contributes to making you an intelligent, capable human. 

    Every person has skills they excel in and those they falter in, so don’t allow a low score to make you question your brilliance. 

    Related Content 

    This article was written in cooperation with Adcore


    Best free PDF reader (June 2023)

    The best free PDF reader apps are perfect for viewing documents, collaborating online, and making changes to your PDF files without any subscription charges or one-off fees. 

    Using your browser is the easiest way to read a PDF online, but options are usually limited. To do more with your documents, both online and offline, it’s worth investing time in the best PDF editors, the best free PDF editors, or dedicated PDF reader software. 

    PDF readers are the ideal solution for casual users looking for easy-to-use apps and platforms. Better still, the very best free PDF readers come equipped with plenty of tools for power-users. So, look out for features like free PDF to Word converters that put you in control of your documents. 

    With plenty of options out there, it can be a challenge identifying which free PDF reader is best for you. To help you find the right tool for your work, we’ve tested out a range of options, exploring everything from performance with large files to cross-platform compatibility and integrated cloud storage.  

    Today's best PDF reader deals The best free PDF reader of June 2023

    (Image credit: Adobe)

    Best free PDF reader overall

    Specifications

    Operating system: Windows, macOS

    Reasons to buy +

    Multi-platform support

    +

    Handles large PDFs with ease

    +

    Tab view for multiple documents

    Reasons to avoid -

    Relatively large

    -

    Regular 'upgrade to Pro' ads

    -

    Some tools paywalled

    Adobe Acrobat Reader DC is a free PDF reader software for Windows and Mac (with Android and iOS PDF reader apps available, too). And it's our top choice for best free PDF reader overall - although we found features one massive downside.

    The top PDF viewer is designed with two purposes in mind: the first is to enable you to read and interact with PDF files (including adding annotations and even signing a document). 

    The second is to convince you to upgrade to the paid version of the software (which, you’ve guessed it, has many more features, including the ability to create and edit PDF files).

    If it wasn’t for the latter, Acrobat Reader would be a decent addition to your software library. It’s simple, easy to use, and comes with all the basic features you need to interact with PDF files. In our review, we reckoned that “Adobe Acrobat Reader DC is one of the best free PDF readers for anyone looking to view documents and manipulate them in some way.”

    Sadly, the adware side of things is pretty much everywhere: you get ‘try now’ buttons, you’re offered to use powerful tools but later are asked to pony up some cash in order to actually use them, there’s even a ‘7-day trial’ button. If you can overlook this, it’s a great tool, but there are less obtrusive ones out there.

    Read our full Adobe Acrobat Reader DC review

    (Image credit: Foxit)

    Best free PDF reader for wide platform support

    Specifications

    Operating system: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Citrix

    Reasons to buy +

    Allows you to create PDFs

    +

    Safe mode disables Javascript

    +

    Lightweight download

    Reasons to avoid -

    Some features require extensions

    Foxit PDF Reader is more than just a free PDF reader – you can also create PDFs from scratch using this software. Integration with Microsoft Office allows you to easily turn documents you’re working on into PDFs. Or, you can scan a document or image and turn it into a PDF using Foxit Reader. The only thing that’s lacking in the free version is support for optical character recognition in scanned documents.

    The software can be a little intimidating at first, but it’s relatively straightforward to navigate. That’s thanks to the fact that it uses the same ribbon-style menu as Microsoft Office. Tools for editing, signing, highlighting, and commenting are fairly easy to access. You can also merge or split PDFs by downloading free add-ons for the software. 

    Another advantage to Foxit PDF Reader is that it offers security. There’s a Safe Reading mode that allows you to automatically disable Javascript embedded in downloaded PDFs.

    Note that with the software's latest update, Foxit seems to have removed its PDF virtual printer driver, meaning you can no longer use the software to create PDFs.

    Read our full Foxit PDF Reader review

    (Image credit: Investintech)

    Best free PDF reader that's fast and lightweight

    Specifications

    Operating system: Windows, macOS, Linux

    Reasons to buy +

    Small download size 

    +

    Loads extremely quickly

    +

    Can convert file types

    Slim PDF is the best free PDF reader if you’re looking for something incredibly lightweight. The software download is really small, so is the perfect choice if you’re limited by hard drive space. Plus, that means that it’s able to open and load your documents faster than most of its competitors.

    In our review, we called it "a sleek, minimalist PDF reader that only takes up a couple of megabytes on your hard drive." The downside to this small size is that Slim PDF is pretty basic. You can search and rotate documents, but that’s about it. There are no tools for signing, filling, commenting, or highlighting, let alone multiple reading modes. While there is a menu option to convert a PDF to a Word document, doing this requires another software download. On the other hand, if your needs are similarly simple, the free PDF reader might just be the solution for you.

    As a result, Slim PDF is truly just a PDF reader. It does a good job at this, though, leaving out the toolbars that can distract you from what you’re reading. If you frequently need to print PDFs, Slim PDF is one of the fastest and most simple options available.

    Read our full Slim PDF review

    (Image credit: Nitro)

    Best free PDF reader that's feature-rich and packed with tools

    Specifications

    Operating system: Windows, macOS

    Reasons to buy +

    Touchscreen mode 

    +

    Plenty of annotation tools

    +

    Simple ribbon-style menu

    Reasons to avoid -

    No document signing or filling

    The Nitro PDF Reader is another powerful free PDF reader in the vein of Foxit Reader and Adobe Acrobat DC. What makes this tool different is that it has a touchscreen mode that’s perfect if you’re working on a tablet. Touchscreen mode is especially nice for reading e-books, since you can flick the pages rather than scroll or click on a button.

    While you can’t fill and sign PDFs with Nitro Reader, the software does a nice job of enabling collaboration. You can annotate documents with underlining and strikethroughs in addition to highlighting. Comments are also supported, and they appear like sticky notes that are easy to spot as you read through a document. Helpfully, the software also allows you to convert between PDF and other document formats.

    The software has a ribbon-style menu that will be familiar to Microsoft Office users. The menu is pretty easy to navigate since there aren’t all that many options available in Nitro Reader. Overall, we found the app to be a remarkably powerful free PDF reader that's packed with handy features you'll use time after time, all presented in a clear, adaptable interface.

    Read our full Nitro PDF Reader review

    (Image credit: Tracker Software)

    Perfect if you need a free PDF reader with built-in OCR

    Specifications

    Operating system: Windows

    Reasons to buy +

    Optical character recognition

    +

    Text editing

    +

    Splits and extracts pages

    Reasons to avoid -

    Watermarks documents

    -

    PC-only

    Rather than just being a free PDF reader, PDF-XChange Editor is also a free PDF editing program for Windows. The interface is a little more complex than some others but gives you easy access to plenty of helpful features. 

    For most users, the main reason to use PDF-XChange Editor is the fact that it comes with inbuilt Optical Character Recognition (OCR). This means that if your original PDF document is a photocopy, PDF-XChange will still recognize the text and allow you to edit it. Also, PDF-XChange Editor lets you reformat text, and even convert it into fonts that aren’t already loaded on your computer. 

    You can use this platform to merge or split individual PDF files. The only serious downside of this powerful editor is that, if you haven’t signed up to the Pro version, a small 'Created with PDF-XChange Editor' watermark will be added at the bottom of any PDF files that you export. 

    During our tests, we ultimately felt that while nothing stood out as incredible, there was also nothing that stood out as frustrating or annoying either. Under the right circumstances, it's a great product that has the ability to be your one and only PDF editor without any compromise.

    Read our full PDF-XChange Editor review

    pdfFiller

    (Image credit: pdfFiller)

    Best free PDF reader for viewing only

    Specifications

    Operating system: Web, Windows, Mac, iOS, Android

    Reasons to buy +

    Cross-platform with apps for online, on Windows, Mac, iOS, and Android

    +

    Customer support is responsive

    +

    Plenty of editing tools

    +

    No sign-up to read PDFs

    Reasons to avoid -

    Full toolkit  requires subscription

    -

    Advanced tools may prove steeper learning curve than most

    pdfFiller serves up a very simple free PDF reader experience. If your needs are basic, it’s quick and easy to upload your document and read it via your browser, or through the Windows, Mac, Android, and iOS apps. Not only is the PDF viewing process free, you won’t even need to sign up to read files. 

    However, the platform is actually a full PDF editor, with plenty of additional features for document creation and editing like fillable forms, data redaction tools, online collaboration, digital signatures, and PDF converters. After a thorough review process, we ultimately felt that the platform is “a very versatile PDF document management system” for both personal and business use. 

    When it comes to a straight PDF viewer, pdfFiller’s free service feels hobbled by the inability to do anything beyond reading files. You can tweak documents, but they’ll remain locked on your dashboard and unavailable as a PDF file. To really get the most from the service - and, to be fair, it offers a fair amount - you’ll need to subscribe to one of three monthly/annual subscription plans. Enterprise licensing is available, too, for teams of ten or more. 

    Read our full pdfFiller review 

    The best free PDF readers: FAQs How to choose the best free PDF reader for you

    Why you can trust TechRadar We spend hours testing every product or service we review, so you can be sure you’re buying the best. Find out more about how we test.

    When deciding which PDF reader is best to download and use, first consider which parts of your PDF file you need to change. If you’re just trying to add information to a form digitally, you’ll only need a basic editor that supports text insertion.

    However, if you need to change the content of a PDF substantially, you’ll require a more powerful PDF software program that can make modifications to text or images already stored in the file. In some cases, especially if you want to change almost all the content of your file, it may be better to use a fully functioning PDF Editor or even the best PDF to Word converter instead.

    What is a PDF reader?

    A PDF reader is a program used to open, view, and print PDF (Portable Document Format) files. First introduced in the 1990s, PDF files are an excellent way to distribute documents containing text, images, and various other media types.

    Many modern browsers can read PDF files, but the best free PDF readers still have their place. These dedicated programs give users more ways to interact with the file and offer greater control over how the document appears on the screen.

    PDF files were designed to appear and function the same on any piece of hardware, so you'll find PDF readers for Android and other mobile devices too.

    Do I need a PDF editor or a PDF reader?

    Deciding between a PDF editor and a PDF reader comes down to how you'll use the software. PDF readers are primarily designed to view documents - although many include online collaboration tools like commenting, highlighting, and annotating content. Altering a PDF file is often limited to small edits and manipulation. A PDF editor lets you design and create documents from scratch and make large changes. They almost always include powerful tools for power-users, like built-in OCR software and digital signature tools. 

    Are free PDF readers safe?

    If you keep your computer secure and download PDF software from the official source, you should be well-protected. But, as with many free tools, there are always risks. We've outlined five common reasons why free PDF editors may not be right for your organization - and the issues can be similar with free PDF readers. We've also looked at the main differences between paid-for vs free PDF editors. 

    Are the best free PDF readers worth it?

    The best free PDF readers feature plenty of tools for viewing and sharing PDF files - however, they're often slightly more limited compared to paid-for counterparts. In many cases, they offer a taste of how the software works, with upgrades and subscriptions that add more tools. If you're only reading PDFs on your computer or mobile device, a browser will likely meet your needs. If you're frequently in and out of documents, making minor edits, and sharing files, a full PDF reader will likely suit you best. 

    How we test the best free PDF readers

    We test the best free PDF readers against the factors that users care about - from the interface and experience to performance and platform availability.

    We also assess each tool against its use-case. Some want a lightweight reader, others need one packed with plenty of other PDF utilities for professional use - so we look at how well the free PDF readers deliver for their intended audience. 

    We also ensure that free means free - no hidden charges. Any subscriptions, lifetime licenses, and upgrade fees must be clearly signposted. 

    As part of our overall testing process, we've also reviewed and rated free and premium platform-specific PDF readers.

    + Best PDF readers for Windows+ Best PDF readers for Mac+ Best PDF readers for Android

    Round up of today's best deals


    IRS tests free e-filing system that could compete with tax-prep giants

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    The Internal Revenue Service has quietly built its own prototype system to allow Americans to file tax returns digitally and free of charge, according to three current and former agency officials, essentially creating government software that could disrupt the tax-prep industry.

    The system will be available through a pilot program for a small group of taxpayers by January, when the 2024 filing season begins, said the people briefed on the matter, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss internal agency conversations. It was developed by the IRS and the U.S. Digital Service, the White House’s technology consulting agency.

    Last year’s Inflation Reduction Act, one of President Biden’s chief legislative victories, included $15 million for the IRS to look into creating a direct filing program.

    Treasury Department representatives declined to comment Monday.

    “There’s something very important about the fact that even beyond making it easy and beyond making it free, this is something you could do directly with your government,” said Gabriel Zucker, associate policy director for tax benefits at the advocacy group Code for America, which has constructed its own tax filing prototype.

    The IRS currently refers people seeking no-cost filing options to a consortium of companies that provide free e-filing for taxpayers below a certain income level. Though 70 percent of taxpayers qualify for those products, known collectively as IRS Free File, fewer than 3 percent of taxpayers use them, according to a Government Accountability Office report.

    For a narrower range of taxpayers, industry giants Intuit TurboTax and H&R Block offer free products that the IRS does not officially endorse.

    Other filers can complete “Free File Fillable Forms,” digital versions of hard-copy IRS paperwork, without professional guidance.

    The tax agency tapped the left-leaning New America think tank to study a direct filing system and produce a report, which is expected this week.

    IRS Commissioner Daniel Werfel had previously told lawmakers that the IRS would consult Congress after the think tank made its recommendation and had not yet determined whether to pursue its own software program. But if the IRS already has a prototype before the New America report has been released, “this suggests a pre-determined outcome and flies in the face of previous commitments Commissioner Werfel made to publicly consult Congress on a potential free-file solution, and for the IRS to not act without explicit legal authority,” said Sen. Mike Crapo (Idaho), the top Republican on the Senate Finance Committee.

    A free filing system offered directly by the federal government could upset a commercial tax-prep market estimated by the research firm IBIS World to be worth $14.4 billion this year.

    “No matter the outcome of direct file, Free File is here to stay,” said Tim Hugo, executive director of the Free File Alliance industry group.

    The system of commercial programs for online filing has served taxpayers and the government well by many accounts. Roughly 9 in 10 individual tax returns were filed digitally in 2022, the IRS reported. The U.S. voluntary tax compliance rate — the proportion of filers who pay federal taxes accurately each year — of 85.1 percent is one of the highest among developed economies, according to years of research in the United States and Europe.

    But some experts say the private-public partnership also reflects the IRS’s technological deficits. Far smaller countries, including Estonia, Chile and Australia, offer government-backed digital filing services.

    The Inflation Reduction Act granted the IRS $80 billion over 10 years to increase enforcement efforts for high-income earners, improve taxpayer services and modernize its technology. The Biden administration said the IRS needs the additional funds to catch up with sophisticated tax cheats and better serve low- and middle-income Americans entitled to a bevy of credits.

    “You’ve got to develop this so it’s comprehensive,” former IRS commissioner Mark Everson said in an interview. “If it’s just treating the more simplified [tax returns], what about the more complex sets of circumstances? Somebody is going to say, ‘I’m not going to bother.’”

    The agency plan also would allow taxpayers to solicit help from customer service representatives through secure online portals. That threatens to encroach on another area in which tax-prep companies try to differentiate themselves from the IRS by employing legions of accountants and other experts to serve filers in premium product lines or develop software tools to guide filers while completing their returns.

    “Is there a need for government to come compete with and change a functioning private-sector industry?” said Timur Taluy, chief executive of Free File vendor FileYourTaxes.com and a member of an IRS consulting panel of online tax-prep experts.

    Industry representatives have been outspoken to lawmakers and administration officials about the direct filing program.

    “A direct-to-IRS e-file system is wholly redundant and is nothing more than a solution in search of a problem,” Intuit spokesman Rick Heineman said in a statement, “and that solution will unnecessarily cost taxpayers billions of dollars.”

    Intuit spent $1 million between January and March lobbying both House and Senate lawmakers on issues including “tax system integrity” and “intellectual property protections,” according to disclosures.

    This month, Intuit began making payments to 4.4 million low-income Americans as part of a $141 million settlement to resolve claims that it misled taxpayers and diverted them away from free products to premium services. Under the terms of the settlement, the company did not admit wrongdoing.

    H&R Block spent $720,000 over the same period on lobbying regarding various anti-poverty tax credits, “tax administration” and “Internal Revenue Service funding,” according to its disclosure paperwork.

    “Today, the consumer has great choice and flexibility in where they turn for free help, with more than 30 organizations offering free tax preparation, half of which are non-profit organizations,” H&R Block spokeswoman Angela Davied said. “We remain committed to delivering the digital capabilities and human expertise and care that helps millions of Americans get the best outcome at tax time.”

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